A company without individuals Essays

A company without individuals Essays A company without individuals Essay A company without individuals Essay We cannot conceive of an organization or a company without individuals assuming the leadership roles. All myriad tasks that a particular organization performs from planning, organizing, leading to managing, require the skills and ability of a good leader or manager. This is especially true in strategic planning wherein most of what will happen in an organization’s future depends on the quality of the strategies planned during the planning. John M. Bryson (2004, p. 297) emphasized that strategic planning is not a substitute for effective leadership, otherwise put, there is no substitute for effective leadership when it comes to planning. He further adds that whether strategic planning helps or hurts depends on how leaders at all organizational levels use- or misuse it.Since the readings’ primary topics are centered on public and non-profit organizations and the relevance of strategic planning to it, it should be emphasized that these will not be successful without the gu idance of a good leader. This reflection is aptly stated on the subtitle of chapter 11 of Bryson’s book which reads as â€Å"leadership roles for making strategic planning work.† Strategic planning and good leadership go hand in hand towards the attainment of organizational success, nevertheless this still requires the cooperation of all members/employees of the organization concerned.It has been explained that â€Å"planning organizational success is complex because it should involve representatives from your partners, internal clients, external clients, and society. Before any major adventure, such as climbing a mountain, experts agree that there is a process of preparing to plan, including considering whether you should climb the mountain in the first place. This step mitigates the danger of rushing into action without thinking about implications, consequences, and potential scenarios.† (Kaufman, et. al. p, 82) We can observe from the readings that there is a direct interrelationship between the higher level management and the subordinates of each manager. A particular organization will not be successful in its endeavors if without the support of all. So it is advised, as one key to effective strategic planning and implementation, to understand the people involved in implementing the strategies planned. In addition to this, it is important also for a leader to know his very self, his capabilities and strength. Why? The answer is that â€Å"understanding oneself and others is particularly important for developing the strength of character and insight that invigorates leadership and increases the chances that strategic planning and implementation will help the organization.† (Bryson, p. 299) In addition, leaders should seek to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the people who are or should be involved in strategic planning and implementation, including them.Strategic planning is a complex process, the management must have d efinite points wherein they will start their actions based on the plan. By doing this, all concerned will act in accordance to these starting points. A concerted fluidity of actions will materialize going on the same direction. This method eases the burden of solving problems, conflicts of ideas and defines the results needed to be achieved within a particular frame of time. As was explained, â€Å"if you want to solve any problem, it is important to get the language and definitions right. If we fail to define our terms, we will fail to communicate. Shared meaning about a significant problem, its causes and solutions is based on well-defined terms. (Kaufman, et. al., p.113) In addition to this, assessment comes into play here again. As what I have learned earlier, I agree that assessment is indispensable in every endeavor of the organization. To be specific, Roger Kaufman, et. al., (2003) enumerated the importance of assessment. These are; 1) assessment define problems and needs an d state them in measurable performance terms, 2) assessment brings rigor to the identification and solving of organizational and human performance problems related to strategic, tactical, and operational directions, 3) this serves as the foundation for proactive planning, and 4) assessment asks the critical questions that help to resolve conflicts and problems of the organization.Basically, all the prerequisites for a successful strategic planning have been enumerated. Hence, the next thing to do is to start with strategic planning. It is a good lesson based on the readings, specifically John M. Bryson’s, that when strategic planning is to be started it must â€Å"start where you and the other people who might be involved in or affected by the process currently are.† Doing this would be efficient because the individuals already are comfortable with their tasks and functions and they already know the intricacies of their jobs. Therefore, what remains to be done, is just the implementation of the strategies. He further adds that wherever you start, you must also keep in mind where the participants currently are. Other involved or affected parties are likely to need some education concerning the purposes, processes, and products of strategic planning. If they are important for the formulation or implementation of strategies, you will need to bring them along so that they can be effective supporters and implementers.For brevity, strategic planning must be initiated where the individuals concerned are comfortable with, and their must be a collaboration between the leaders and the members of the organization on the formulation of strategies in order to make the strategic planning relatively easy.An organization will not survive without a good leadership guiding it. Therefore, a leader must have the necessary skills needed for him to serve as everyone’s guide when problems and challenges meet head on with the organization. And one way to overcome challenges is through strategic planning. Management leaders must be at the forefront of this planning endeavor. Strategic planning helps in conceptualizing answers to problems before they even happen and provides alternative solutions to these problems.

Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence The next time you walk into a classroom full of students leaping mid-air, painting passionately, singing soulfully, or writing madly, its likely you have Howard Gardners groundbreaking  Frame of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences  to thank. When Gardners theory on multiple intelligences came out in 1983, it radically transformed teaching and learning in the U.S. and around the world with the notion that  there is more than one way to learn -   in fact, there are at least eight! The theory was a huge departure from the more traditional banking method of education in which the teacher simply deposits knowledge into the learners mind and the learner must receive, memorize and repeat.   Instead, Gardner broke open the idea that a disengaged learner might learn better by using a different form of intelligence, defined as a biophysical potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture. This defied the previous consensus on the existence of a single, general intelligence or g factor that could be easily tested. On the contrary, Gardners theory posits that each of us has at least one dominant intelligence that informs how we learn. Some of us are more verbal or musical. Others are more logical, visual, or kinesthetic. Some learners are highly introspective while others learn through social dynamics. Some learners are especially attuned to the natural world whereas others are deeply receptive to the spiritual world.   Gardners 8 Intelligence   What exactly are the eight types of intelligence  posited in Howard Gardners theory? The seven original intelligence  are:   Visual-Aesthetic  learners think in terms of physical space and like to read or visualize their words.  Bodily-Kinesthetic  learners are keenly aware of their physical bodies and like creative movement and making things with their hands.  Musical  learners are sensitive to all kinds of sound and often access learning through or from music, however, one may define it.  Intrapersonal  learners are introspective and reflective. They learn through independent study and self-guided experiences.  Interpersonal learners learn through social interaction with others and enjoy group dynamics, collaboration, and encounters.Linguistic learners love language and words and enjoy learning through verbal expression.Logical-Mathematical  learners think conceptually, logically, and mathematically about the world and enjoy exploring patterns and relationships.   In the mid-1990s, Gardner added an eighth intelligence:   Naturalistic  learners have a sensitivity to the natural world and can easily relate to plant and animal life, enjoying  patterns found in the environment.   Theory in Practice: Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom For many educators and parents working with learners who struggled in traditional classrooms, Gardners theory came as a relief. While a learners intelligence was previously questioned when he or she found it challenging to grasp concepts, the theory pushed educators to recognize that each student has myriad potential. Multiple intelligences served as a call to action to differentiate learning experiences in order to accommodate the multiple modalities in any given learning context. By modifying the content, process, and expectations for a final product, teachers and educators can reach learners who otherwise present as reluctant or incapable. A student may dread learning vocabulary through test-taking but lighten up when asked to dance, paint, sing, plant, or build.   The theory invites a great deal of creativity in teaching and learning and over the last 35 years, arts educators, in particular, have used the theory to develop arts-integrated curricula that acknowledge the power of artistic processes to produce and share knowledge across core subject areas. Arts integration took off as an approach to teaching and learning because it taps artistic processes not only as subjects in and of themselves but also as tools for processing knowledge in other subject areas. For example, a verbal, social learner lights up when they learn about conflict in stories through activities like theater. A logical, musical learner stays engaged when they learn about math through music production.   In fact, Gardners colleagues at Project Zero at Harvard University spent years researching the habits of artists at work in their studios to discover how artistic processes may inform best practices in teaching and learning. Lead researcher  Lois Hetland and her team identified eight Studio Habits of Mind that can be applied to learning across the curriculum at any age with any kind of learner. From learning to use tools and materials to engage with complex philosophical questions, these habits release learners from the fear of failure and focus instead on the pleasures of learning.   Are There Limits to Containing Multitudes?   Multiple intelligences invite limitless possibilities for teaching and learning, but one of the biggest challenges is determining a learners primary intelligences in the first place. While many of us have an  instinct about how we prefer to learn, being able to identify ones dominant learning style can be a lifelong process that requires experimentation and adaptation over time.   Schools in the United States, as a reflection of society at large, often place imbalanced value on linguistic or logical-mathematical intelligence, and learners with intelligence in other modalities risk getting lost, undervalued, or ignored. Learning trends like experiential learning, or ‘learning by doing’ attempts to counter and correct this bias by creating the conditions to tap as many intelligence as possible in the production of new knowledge. Educators sometimes lament a lack of partnership with families and note that unless the theory extends to learning at home, the methods don’t always hold in the classroom and learners continue to struggle against stacked expectations.   Gardner also warns against labeling learners with any given intelligence over another or implying unintended hierarchies of value among the eight types of intelligence. While each of us may lean toward one intelligence over another, we also have the potential to change and transform over time. Multiple intelligences applied to teaching and learning contexts should empower rather than limit learners. On the contrary, the theory of multiple intelligences radically expands our immense and untapped potential. In the spirit of Walt Whitman, multiple intelligences reminds us that we are complex, and we contain multitudes.   Amanda Leigh Lichtenstein is a poet, writer, and educator from Chicago, IL (USA) who currently splits her time in East Africa. Her essays on arts, culture, and education appear in Teaching Artist Journal, Art in the Public Interest, Teachers Writers Magazine, Teaching Tolerance, The Equity Collective, AramcoWorld, Selamta, The Forward, among others. Visit her website.

Globalization, Multinational Organisations and Cultural Aspects Assignment

Globalization, Multinational Organisations and Cultural Aspects - Assignment Example The concept of globalization gained momentum in the 1990’s with the onset of internet. The advance in information technology which has transformed the way of communication and advancements in the transportation system along with a whole battery of other factors have played a pivotal role in the spread of globalization. The concept of globalization has entered almost in all areas of our lives be it business, language, education, culture, lifestyle and other psychological and social behavior patterns. This proliferation of globalization has totally changed the concept of business, and its role not only in defining the respective economies, but also shaping cultural, political and social values. It is argued that we are fast losing our unique identity. Global identity has transcends all geographic boundaries and has defined mass behavior and consumption patterns. The growth of Multinational organizations which was first restricted to a few countries in the post modern era has tra nscends all geographical boundaries and resulted in globalization; globalization of businesses, economies, societies and even to some extent, globalization of human capital. This paper aims at studying the nature of globalization and its impact on the economy, politics, cultural and social values. Is global perspective sensitive to cultural diversity and social inequalities? What are the role and behavior of multinational organizations and their implications with special reference to cultural dimensions? What is Globalization? The term globalization can be traced back to 1960’s but it became the buzz word only in the 1990’s. By the end of the first decade of the twenty first century there are millions of references available in virtual and physical form making it the most contested topic. Globalization is argued as the most contested concept that refers to the shrinkage of time and space. Manfred Steger defined globalization as â€Å"A social condition characterized b y tight global economic, political, cultural and environmental interconnections and flows that make most of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant.† There can be many different social manifestations of globalization. One perspective can be about individualism, competition and capitalism while other can be about cooperation and communal norms. It gives globalization an indeterminate character. The term globalization refers to a social process that transforms our present social identity that is bounded with nationality into a global identity. What we observe today is global cities like New York, London, and Tokyo etc that has transcended regional, local and national boundaries. This global imagery is growing people’s perception of belonging to a global community (Steger, 2009). What we are experiencing right now is a period of global change. People all around the globe are affected by common economic, political and social and environmental changes. Hence globalization has economic, social and environmental dimensions. These global changes include increased competition, fluctuating interest rates, advancements in technology, ecological and climate changes, the fall of communism, rise of China, and the growing ethnic

The Concepts And Effectiveness Of The Supply Chain Management Essay

The Concepts And Effectiveness Of The Supply Chain Management - Essay Example M as a form of management that covers all transportation and storage of raw material, refined goods, and inventory in the process from points of departure or origin up to the points of need (consumption). The track of transported goods from the point of origin up to the point of consumption constitutes what has been termed as the supply chain in business management and logistics science. Further perspectives on SCM stem from the view of the discipline as pertaining to the entirety of the aspects planning and overseeing of all activities entailed in procuring, conversion and management of all the logistical activity. Also crucial to this view is the inclusion of aspects coordination and alliance within the network players which may be the suppliers, the middlemen, and even third-party services render as well as clients. Contemporary SCM is undergoing significant transformation and modification under the influence of various sweeping phenomena in the forms of globalization and technological leaps. Scholars around the discipline are factoring in the importance of various dynamics that have been largely less considered in the earlier conceptualization of SCM. The SCM discipline has had remarkable contributions from the works of Coyle, Langley, and Gibson among others. Although the scholars s have brought the supply chain element to t fore of the contemporary concepts on SCM, the scholars have underscored the role the information is playing and will continue to play in contemporary and future SCM networks. Coyle, Langley, Gibson, Novack, Bardi (2008), contend that, â€Å"A supply chain perspective germane for appropriate deciphering and application of the feasible SCM tenets will tap in the essence and merits of information technology as well as the rate of change and a closer recognition of logistics with all its associative dimensions† The Supply chain industry is one of the thriving industries in Australia.

Portrayals and portraits Essay Example for Free

Portrayals and portraits Essay The processes of public memory in regard to Sojourner Truth already are framed by the multiple figurations that existed in the public consciousness prior to the three specific commemorative campaigns that form the focus of this study. Although some of the specific details vary, the basic outlines of Truths life are accessible. Born as a slave in upstate New York around 1797 and originally named Isabella, Truth was freed according to the dictates of state law in 1827. She adopted the name of Sojourner Truth and began a life of freedom that progressed through three distinct stages. The first stage is marked by her involvement with the Kingdom, an infamous religious community led Robert Matthews, also know as Matthias. After Truth left the Kingdom in 1834 she traveled through New York and Connecticut, speaking at various religious camp meetings. Friends eventually directed her to the Northampton Association of Education and Industry in Massachusetts, a group founded on socialist and transcendentalist ideas. In this second stage, Truths involvement with the Northampton group introduced her to several notable public advocates, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Olive Gilbert, who would later become her first collaborator on her Narrative (Fitch Mandziuk, 1997, p. 16). When the Northampton Association disbanded in 1849, Truth entered her third stage as an advocate for the anti-slavery and womens rights causes. She lived and traveled in Ohio for a few years, finally settling in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1857 where she resided until her death. During this third stage, Truth traveled widely through eastern and mid-western states, often appearing as a popular speaker at conventions and meetings. Among the events in this third stage of Truths life that have become the fuel for her mythic meanings were her famous 1851 speech at a womens rights convention in Akron, Ohio and an 1858 confrontation with a hostile male audience in Silver Lake, Indiana where she bared her breast to prove she was female. In her own time, Truths contemporaries in their descriptions and accounts had transformed her tale variously to depict her as a tragic victim of slavery, a religious pilgrim, a comic caricature, and a fiery orator and advocate for womens rights (Fitch Mandziuk, 1997; Mabee Newhouse, 1993; Mandziuk Fitch, 2001; Painter 1994, 1996). While it is impossible to know how much control Truth actually exerted over the costuming and posing of these images, they do offer a striking alternative to the often grotesque, defiant, or devout descriptions of her that were available in print at the time. In all but one, Truth is seated. In these she is located in settings containing middle-class accoutrements such as bookcases, carved chairs, flowers, and books. In all of the portraits she is dressed in a fringed shawl and wears tailored clothing of heavy, patterned fabrics. In some she holds knitting; in one an open portrait of a young male rests in her lap. In the other portrait she is standing, her right hand resting on a cane with her left arm at her side. In all but two, she wears eyeglasses. In some she looks past the camera, directing her glance sideways or downward; in others her glance is more leveled and direct. The images are striking for their middle-class depictions; as Painter (1996) observes, In none of these portraits is there anything beyond blackness that would inspire charitynothing of the piteous slave mother or the weird Matthias Kingdom, no bared arms, no bodice taken down in public, nothing of Stowes amusing naif. The cartes de visite show a solid bourgeoisie (p. 196). These photographic images have been reproduced ever since on posters, buttons, cards, and t-shirts; importantly, they serve as the primary source material for any other interpretations and representations of Truths physical appearance. Contemporary campaigns to commemorate Truth in material form necessarily draw from these available portrayals and portraits. There is much room for negotiation and advocacy, however, around precisely which version of Truth will be visualized at a particular time and place, as well as who has the right to control and retain ownership of that image. As Painter (1996) concludes, Even today, when Truth can symbolize the angry black woman for most of her audience, others can see her as a kind of pet (p. 129). In the three recent debates over establishing statues of Truth, the ideological implications of the choices made indicate clear differences regarding her symbolic meanings. A preference for the bourgeois, devout, serious image among predominantly white communities marks her as a symbol of accommodation, while African American public memory continues to evoke the mythology of Gages defiant advocate and radical critique of white audiences. In each debate over how Truth would be remembered the concept of character provides an important lens to assess the meaning of each commemoration. From among the available portrayals and photographic records, each representation of Truth selected particular elements while deflecting others. The dimensions included in each characterization of Truth provide a revelatory index to the particular values of the community and the means through which her image was adapted to suit various purposes. Essentially, character provides the window to how questions of identity politics were negotiated in each instance. In the Portrait Monument dispute, the image of Truth in evoked by the National Political Congress of Black Women reference the angry orator first envisioned by Frances Gage in 1863. In this version, Truth symbolizes the defiant insistence on race as a central consideration in public debate and the processes of public memory, an adaptation of this persona often used by black women to challenge white exclusionary tactics. The characteristics depicted in the Battle Creek and Northampton statues invoke the alternative image of Truth as the upholder of principles of equality and faith. These two commemorations replicate the bourgeois aspects of Truths cartes de visite, yet also depict her in safe and comforting ways. The defiant Truth is subordinated in favor of likenesses that reflect abstract values and celebrate conciliation rather than ones that insist on recognizing am valuing difference. Evaluation of the dimension of character in the process of public memory thus reveals the ideological functions served by a particular commemorative representation. These campaigns to re-present Truth in a material form reveal the uncertainties in the process of public memory, as well as the ways in which the practice often accommodates and dissipates political challenges to the values held dear by dominant culture. Among the potential meanings of Truth, her symbolic appropriation as a sign of the ideals of equality and justice easily is reconcilable with our American democratic mythology and frequent delusion that inequities can be solved simply through individual acts of faith and hope. Consequently, Truth is appropriated in her most bourgeois, benign, and reverent form. The Truth commemorated is an image that is ambiguous enough for us to find residues of her race and gender meanings within it if we so desire, but is also abstract enough to be of no threat on either front. (Manziuk, 2003) Genealogical research, when conducted within the context of African-American history using a variety of resources, offers a more encompassing perspective of the African American family in American society. In other words, our individual family photographs can provide a wealth of information about society in general.

Impsons As Archetypes Essay -- essays research papers

There are stereotypes of different people and beliefs throughout American's thinking. From early on we learn to associate certain cultural differences to certain individuals. The cartoon representations on The Simpsons are a perfect example of such associations. Each character from the long-running, prime time television show is an archetype of individuals in the American society. Homer, Lisa, Barney, and all the rest give us a look at what "typical" Americans should act like while, at the same time, critiquing their attitudes and behaviors. The Simpsons is not the average cartoon show. Although it features cute, animated people and many humorous situations it was not meant for children. This is how the show's writers can get away with such a complex stereotype for each character. Adults and in particular American adults will understand references made buy the characters, their actions and thought processes. When picked apart the main characters of the show, the Simpson fam ily, each have their own Americanized attitudes, which when thrown together encompass the typical "nuclear" family. To set the scene for this example, picture a family of five, all doing their various daily activities: the little boy skateboarding around the neighborhood causing trouble, the little girl at school concentrating on her music, the mother and baby at the supermarket, and the father driving home from a hard days work at the plant. All of a sudden the viewer is in this famil...

Barack Obama Essay

There is no doubt that President Barack Hussein Obama II has received much attention and interest from not only the United States, but international. He is not only praised because of his skin color, but because of the values he believes in and what he stands for. He represents something the country has needed for a long time. During his 2008 campaign for US president, he embodied the very meaning of the word â€Å"hope†. Obama’s election was truly revolutionary. His story can been considered a huge milestone in the United States’ history. The very fact that Barack Obama was voted in, and by a very large margin, shows proof that the country has abandoned its usual ideas on who is â€Å"fit† to run in high office. Barack’s multi-cultural background serves to represent the melting pot America is. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to a Kenyan father, Barack Obama Sr., and Stanley Ann Dunham, a Caucasian woman from Wichita, Kansas. He has gone through many hurdles and has climbed his way up a focused political ambition ladder. Being the first president of African American descent to the illustrious United States and also his many achievements have made him a person of much respect and high admiration. Obama’s presidency has gone through a series of success and accomplishments. After being elected, he successfully passed many legislations, such as the healthcare bill. The bill aimed for offering tremendous coverage while providing an affordable healthcare. Barrack’s presidency is also branded by other victories such as the $787 billion Stimulus Bill. The passing of this bill took place one month later after succeeding the presidency from George W. Bush. The stimulus bill helped boost the staggering economy. Two years later, he passed the Wall Street Reform to regain control of the economy after its practices which caused the Great Recession. This law tightens capital requirements on large banks and other financial institutions, requires that large banks provide â€Å"living wills† to avoid hectic bankruptcies, limits their ability to trade with customers’ money for their own profit, and creates the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to catch abusive lending products and companies. He was heavily praised for ending the War in Iraq. All U.S. military forces were ordered out of the country, with the last troops leaving on December 18, 2011. With new policies, diplomacy, and rhetoric, he reversed a sharp decline in world opinion toward the U.S. during the Bush years. From 2008 to 2011, favorable opinion toward the United States rose in ten of fifteen countries surveyed by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, with an average increase of 26 percent. To summarize, Obama, with his qualities accompanied with key factors such as human approach, empathy, positive attitude, courage to take risk, and bravery to face challenges is a great leader, particularly for the US and generally for the world. His background and experiences in life, united with vibrant qualities of a good leader, make him a wonderful role model and universally acceptable. References: Glastris, Paul, Ryan Cooper, and Siyu Hu. â€Å"Obama’s Top 50 Accomplishments.† The Washington Monthly. N.p., Mar.-Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. â€Å"Barack Obama.† Organizing for Action. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2013. http://www.barackobama.com/about/barack-obama?source=footer-nav

Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Every day the people in this nation zoom around in their busy lives. People cut corners to save time and often take the easy route in many tasks. Sometimes by cutting these corners, an impact can be made on the world around us and the people we love. Eating is just one of the many things that people forget to take care of. Food is the foundation to our bodies. Food is what keeps people going and fuels them to do what they need to do. In 337 BC, Hippocrates stated, â€Å"Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food.† Most of the food people consume is not good for them. Poor nutrition is damaging and causes mood swings, behavioral issues, problems in growth development, cancer, sickness, disease, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and the list goes on. The artificial fillers, colors, dyes, excess salts and sugars in food cause the body to break down. This deterioration of the body leads to many types of ailments. People need to stop eating fast foods, genetically modified foods, processed and refined foods. It is killing the people in this country day after day. It is severely important to eat healthy nutritious foods. â€Å"A poorly nourished child will fail to grow properly; a poorly nourished adult will have a decreased resistance to infection and disease (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008).† The body needs a certain amount of vitamins and minerals to stay functioning properly on a daily basis and to keep sickness out. If people do not start eating and living healthier, sickness and chronic disease will only increase and continue to occur. 45% of Americans have at least one chronic condition and 26% of the population has two or more conditions (AACC, 2009). Poor eating habits are being passed down to children and these habits are going to be detrimental to our communities and to this nation. Eating nutritious organic fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes (beans) will prevent and diminish many health issues as well as maintain a healthy body and mind. In the past 3 decades, there has been significant increase in hyperactive beh avior, ADD and ADHD in children. A 3% increase per year has been recorded from 1997 to 2006 and a 5.5% increase from 2003 to 2007 (CDC, 2011). In America today, 5.2 million children are diagnosed with ADHD and 63% of those children are currently taking medication as a treatment (CDC, 2011). Fast foods, processed foods, candy, soda, chips and pizza are all attributing factors for hyperactive behavior. Research has linked food additives, dyes and poor nutrition with behavioral issues. The debate continues over the actual cause of hyperactivity however, a solid body of evidence points to food additives, allergic reactions to food and excess sugar in the diet. Food additives cause adverse responses that a child’s natural body is incapable of warding off. Aggressive behavior and restlessness will occur in a child when refined carbohydrates and sugars are present (Kirschman, 2007). Good eating habits are critical for the proper growth and development of a child. Studies have proved that removing artificial additives from a child’s diet will provide a substantial improvement on one’s behavior. One study demonstrated a 70% behavioral improvement after just 5 weeks (Stevenson, 2010). People need to take more care when making choices on what to feed their kids. Children also need to be educated on the effects of a poor diet. This will help them to become conscious adults and less likely to develop chronic diseases. Junk food filled with empty calories, sugars, salts and fats are like drugs to children. Their bodies are not developed enough to handle this sort of distortion in body activity. Food is medicine. Therefore, the body requires proper nutrition to function correctly. There will be a considerable increase in risk of chronic disease in upcoming generations if poor eating habits are not addressed starting at a young age (AACC, 2009). The World Health Organization (WHO) has been compiling information since 1989 about the direct link between poor nutrition and chronic disease. The WHO has concluded that there is a growing epidemic of chronic illness. Evidence has shown a direct relationship between poor diet and unhealthy lifestyles. America has been a world leader in the areas of technology, medical and scientific research, and higher education for generations. However, as people spent billions of dollars and millions of man-hours solving the crises of infectious diseases around the world, a more silent and deadly crisis grew; chronic illness (Rose, 2011). Obesity is the most prevalent of all chronic diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2010, overweight and obesity counted for one third of the adult population. Overweight and obesity can lead to chronic illnesses like hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, respiratory problems and some cancers. U nfortunately some aspects of appetite come from an emotional nature, often times not feeding the body but feeding the need for love and comfort (Kirschman, 2007). Other factors include hormonal malfunction, emotional tension, boredom, habit or malnutrition. â€Å"According to a June 23, 2011 report published in the New England Journal of Medicine, participants gained weight with the intake of potato chips, potatoes, sweetened beverages, unprocessed red meats and processed meats. They lost weight with the intake of vegetables, whole grains, fruits, and nuts (Rose, Para 9, 2011).† Additives and preservatives take the place of nutrients and minerals removed from the original food sources. Even though processed food may taste good, it is lacking all the beneficial nutrients needed to nourish the body, maintain blood sugar levels, and ensure proper digestion. Our bodies store all the things that our digestive systems cannot process therefore making more fat tissue which contributes to obesity (Rose, 2011). Statistics show that people who are average weight will live longer, have more energy and feel better overall. A well-balanced, whole foods diet high in all essential nutrients and absent of offending substances will result in healt hy body, healthy mind and healthy body weight (Kirschman, 2007). People need to realize just how serious the consequences are related to poor diet. Conscious living and healthy eating habits are essential to a healthy, long life free from ailments and chronic illness. It is never too late to start making a change. The time has come for the people of this nation to take control of their lives. People need to stop making choices based on how they feel and from what they see when they wake up and step out into the world each morning. Changes in diets and lifestyles have occurred through industrialization, urbanization and economic development. These changes have impacted what people chose to eat as well as their activity levels (WHO, 2002). There has been a significant impact on the health and nutritional status of our population. The access to food has increased and diversified and this direction is not beneficial. The more people evolve and find new technologies; the sicker, the bigger and more in debt people become. These changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns; chronic illness including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and some types of cancer are becoming increasingly significant causes of disability and premature death. This places additional burdens on already overtaxed national health budgets (WHO, 2002). Expressing the importance for changing the way people consume food is tough but the consequences of poor diet outweigh any sort of excuse. People’s minds are being filled with attraction to the wrong types of food. People need to take charge of their habits and recognize the importance of adopting a healthier lifestyle. This society needs to stop overeating and consuming overloaded amounts of non-nutritious foods. Food may look and taste absolutely delicious, but that does not mean it has the same satisfying benefit to our bodies. People need to start making choices that matter over the ones that feel good in the moment. This is needed for the well-being of every person in this nation. Food is a person’s foundation and without consuming it properly; a long life of sickness awaits. When people fuel their bodies with proper nutrients it is virtually impossible to get cancers and other chronic diseases. If a person’s body is balanced; when a person nourishes all their systems and all the functions of the body are intact, sickness is powerless (Gerson, 2012). The University of Berkeley, California (2008) writes that one of the biggest preventative measures in avoiding disease is to quit smoking, reduce your blood cholesterol, avoid hypertension, stay active, maintain a healthy weight, avoid diabetes, and balance alcohol consumption. In fewer words, eat healthy and stay active. Testing shows that vitamins A, C, E, B3 and B6 prevent the growth of cancer cells. They stimulate the body’s immune system and act as free-radical scavengers. Free radicals are chemicals produced by the body when exposed to harmful elements such as food and drink contaminants, rancid fats or air pollution. Lipotropes, which prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver, protect the cells from the transformation to cancer cells. Free radicals damage parts of the human cell, especially DNA (a hereditary material present in nearly every cell in the human/animal body) and RNA (similar to DNA except that it is a single stranded molecule). DNA and RNA direct the actions of each cell. Once this process is disturbed by free radicals (poor nutrition), cancer and other chronic disease can develop. (Kirschman, 2007) The result of poor diet, lack of nutritious foods, and absence of activity will result in sickness, disease and chronic illness. People can prevent these things from happening by making simple changes in the way they live their lives. Avoid junk foods like candy and chips. Soda and manufactured juices that pose as being healthy, reduced in calories/sugar or low in fat can be replaced with water. A juicer is also a great investment. An assorted variety of colorful fruits and vegetables can be mixed into a juice extractor which can substitute for a snack or fill the desire for a delicious beverage. Juice from natural juicing requires little digestion and goes directly into the body system Haynes, 2012). It is beneficial to the earth, to communities and to this nation to grow food locally; to purchase food locally. People need to include a large range of fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans and nuts in their diets. It is vital to eat these foods in their most natural and unprocessed forms. Pesticides, chemicals and hormones added in foods can alter the capabilities of the nourishment naturally presented (Kirschman, 2007). This nation needs to step out of consumerism and go back to the basics of eating. Humans are gatherers (herbivores) and meant to eat foliage. People do not have enough land, time or money to consume at the level they are devouring (Andrews, 2009). â€Å"A meat-cancer connection has been reported in over 100 epidemiological studies from numerous countries with assorted food habits. Diets can be healthy when including moderate amounts of meat from healthy source s. Yet, unlike plants, which we can’t live without, we don’t need meat to survive (Andrews, 2009).† If people were to provide their bodies with nutrient packed fruits and vegetables, whole grains and beans, chronic illness, disease and sickness could be diminished. According to the National Center of Health Statistics, 65.2% of American adults are overweight and obese because of poor nutrition (CDC, 2010). That is just one result of this chronic issue. With eating conscious, people can eliminate the risk of developing a sickness or having different types of chronic illness. Eating crunchy peppers, carrots, apples, celery, nuts or radishes can be consumed as a snack instead of chips and candy. Water should be substituted for all sodas and commercial juices. Boil and steam fruits and vegetables instead of frying them. Eat them raw or juice them in a juicing machine. Foods that are fried, processed, genetically modified and refined tend to lose of their nutritional value thus destroying the body. Too much sugar stored in the body basically just turns into fat. Excess fat stored in the body and the lack of energy from poor nutrition can cause people to become inactive. To avoid all of this the answer is very simple. Eating healthy is imperative to one’s health. Nutritious, mineral and vitamin packed food must be consumed to keep the body functioning properly. People need to take care in what is being served on their dinner tables. People need to be conscious and aware of what they are choosing at the grocery store. People need to watch their portions and take care in the way their foods are being cooked. Chronic illness and sickness can be prevented by eating healthy. If people take the steps and watch the way they consume food they would live longer, disease free lives. If they take care in what they are eating there would be less sickness, disease and debt in our nation. References American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC). (2009). July 2009 Clinical Laboratory News: Rates of Chronic Disease Expected to Rise Sharply. Clinical Laboratory News, 35(7). Retrieved from http://www.aacc.org/publications/cln/2009/july/Pages/newsbrief0709.aspx# Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). (2011). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Behavior (ADHD). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html/ Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). (2010). Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html/ Columbia University Press. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://lib.kaplan.edu/login?url=/login?qurl=http://www.credoreference.com.lib.kaplan.edu/entry/columency/nutrition Gerson, C. [gersoninstitute]. (The Gerson Institute). (2012, April 24). Charlotte Gerson at the Rock Church’s Cancer Care Ministry [Video file]. Available from http://youtu.be/WtHujJeEguI Haynes D., Haynes, V. (2012). Health Benefits of Juicing. Retrieved from http://juicerrecipesnow.com/health-benefits-of-juicing/ Kirschman, J., Nutrition Search Inc. (2007). Nutrition Almanac Sixth Addition. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies Rose, C. (2011). Obesity in America. Down to Earth. Retrieved from http://www.downtoearth.org/health/nutrition/obesity-america References (cont.) Stevenson, J. (2010). Recent Research on Food Additives: Implications for CAMH. Child & Adolescent, 15(3, 130-133. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4a239b06-faf5-442b-90fa-f212cc52100d%40sessionmgr12&vid=7&hid=9 University of Berkeley California. (2008). Preventing Heart Disease. Retrieved from http://www.wellnessletter.com/ucberkeley/foundations/preventing-heart-disease/# World Health Organization. (2002). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease. WHO Technical Report Series, 916, 1-160. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf

High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Example

High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Example High frequency stimulation protocol Essay High frequency stimulation protocol Essay Long term potentiation is a widely used electrophysiological experimental tool to analyze synaptic malleability. It involves beef uping of synaptic connexions following high frequence stimulations of afferent nerve cells. A polar function of NMDA receptors has been suggested in care of synaptic malleability. Since its find a figure of statements have been raised in footings of its pertinence to quantify memory. Furthermore, assorted stimulations protocols could be used for the initiation of LTP ; like High frequence stimulation, theta burst stimulations and primed burst potentiation. HFS has subtle disadvantages like being physiologically different from of course happening firing forms in hippocampal nerve cells. Advantages of theta explosion frequence over high frequence stimulation is discussed in reappraisal by ( Albensi et al, 2007 ) . Most of the literature reviewed in this subdivision involves usage of high frequence stimulation protocol. These facts raise the demand to add cau tiousness in construing the consequences of LTP initiation to cognitive map. Despite of these facts, early life emphasis has been reported to hold profound and digesting effects on long term memory every bit good as LTP. Stress during early life induced by either maternal separation, rise uping in limited nesting stuff or exposure to fresh environments leads to digesting effects on memory. These surveies showed an damage of memory map following maternal separation during neonatal period, when tested in Water Maze at grownup age ( Aisa et al, 2009 ; Cui et Al, 2006 ; Huot et Al, 2002 ) and active and inactive turning away trials ( Kosten et al, 2007 ) . These effects of early life emphasis on memory damage were non merely observed in carnal surveies but besides in worlds. Childhood physical disregard has been correlated with encephalon derived neurotropic factor and memory public presentation in big female topic with recurrent major depression ( Grassi-Oliveira et Al, 2008 ) . The damage in cognitive map due to early life emphasis has been studied with regard to impairment in Long term potentiation. Bidirectional effects of early life emphasis on memory and LTP has been reported in assorted limbic constructions based on the emphasis methods and experimental protocols used. For illustration, Rearing in limited nesting and bedding material lead to damage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 countries on high frequence stimulation of Schaffer collaterals, in piece prepared from these rats ( Cui et al, 2006 ) . In a similar manner, LTP initiation in hippocampal dentate convolution in relation to perforant way stimulation was significantly more under basal conditions in the grownup progeny of high creaming training as compared to offspring of low creaming preparing rats ( Bagot et al, 2009 ) . This was associated with increased hippocampus dependant larning in contextual fright conditioning trial and an addition in spine denseness in dendrites of DGCs in offspring of High LG female parents. In maternal behavior surveies, low creaming preparing behavior of female parent is considered to be associated with nerve-racking events in early life. These behaviors have been shown to act upon emphasis reactivity and cognitive public presentation in offspring. In the same survey, it was found that disposal of corticosterone 100nM or Isoproteronol 1.0 Â µM lead to a important addition in LTP initiation in low creaming preparing offspring. These consequences suggest that maternal separation leads to adaptive alterations in the construction and physiology of countries of encephalon related to emphasis, which could be good or harmful depending on the degree of menace. In a high menace state of affairs this might be good doing the response to be quicker while an overdone response in a low menace status might take to impairment of normal behavioral maps. Another survey by ( Champagne et al, 2008 ) showed similar consequences in hippocampal CA1 cells. This survey co rrelated decreased LTP initiation in low LG offspring with low degrees of look of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. At the cellular degree these effects could be hard to explicate. The physiological effects of CORT depend on the comparative sum of MRs and GRs in the countries of encephalon like hippocampus, which has look of both receptors. A balance between businesss of these receptors defines the physiological effects from these countries of encephalon. MRs are preponderantly occupied during radical status because of their higher affinity for CORT, while GRs are progressively occupied with higher doses of CORT or chronic nerve-racking conditions. Since degrees of these receptors cut down in ELS, during radical conditions, LTP initiations will be expected to be low chiefly due to cut down MR dependent decrease in excitement. While during extremely nerve-racking conditions or higher doses of CORT disposal, a lowering in GRs due to ELS might cut down the repressive cons equence of CORT on LTP. Managing of rats during early life, which is considered to be a good control for maternal separation emphasis, is reported to hold protective effects due to increased maternal attention shown by female parents to the whelps. These rats have increased degree of GRs and MRs in hippocampus which increases the negative feedback suppression to HPA axis. Survey by ( Tang and Zou, 2002 ) compared the effects of early handling to exposure to novelty induced emphasis. Exposure to novel environment for 3 proceedingss daily from PN 1-21 yearss lead to a important addition in initiation of LTP in CA1 cells of hippocampus, 30 proceedingss after High frequence stimulation of Schaffer collateral tracts on exposure to freshness in early life. This study is consistent with the studies of ELS suppressing LTP initiation, when the opposite effects of short continuance freshness emphasis to ELS are considered. These consequences are validated by studies of exposure to brief stress/early managing increasi ng the degree of NR2B subunit look of NMDA receptors, which might take to enhancement of LTP ( Stamatakis et al, 2009 ) . Neonatally handled rats had higher NR2B fractional monetary unit messenger RNA and adhering sites in dorsal CA1 hippocampul country along with increased degrees in cingulated and somatosensory cerebral mantle. Another survey by the same group showed that freshness emphasis enhances the effects of corticosterone on neural irritability and malleability. The repressive consequence of CORT application on LTP initiation in hippocampal pieces was enhanced significantly in rats exposed to novelty emphasis ( Zou et al, 2001 ) . Basal degree of CORT has preponderantly MR dependant effects which besides lead to enhancement of LTP initiation. While increased degree of MRs/GRs in these rats ( which leads to heighten negative feedback to HPA axis ) makes them react more to the repressive consequence of exogenic CORT, added to the encephalon pieces ( Wiegert et Al, 2005 ) . En vironment enrichment protocol is besides reported to be protective against behavioral and cognitive shortages induced by early life emphasis. Environmental enrichment leads to a important addition in LTP initiation in control rats and reversed the effects of early life emphasis every bit good as antenatal emphasis in immature grownup rats ( Cui et al, 2006 ; Yang et Al, 2007 ) . Additionally, an in vivo work by ( Gruss et al, 2008 ) studied impact of maternal separation during early life on behavioral emphasis induced late LTP support in maturity. Late LTP is considered as a protein synthesis dependent stage of LTP which lasts for longer periods, more than 8 hours as compared to protein synthesis independent LTP which lasts for around 2 hours. This survey showed that 24 hr maternal separation at station natal twenty-four hours 9, lead to an suppression in late LTP support by 2 min forced swim trial. This consequence was non observed in rats which were separated on postpartum twenty-four hours 4 or 18, emphasizing the importance of emphasis paradigm during these periods. This survey besides showed PND 9, which is in stress hyperresponsive period, really critical for the abiding effects of early life emphasis. ( Li et al, 2008 ) showed consequence of sibling deprievation, which is besides a potent stressor, on PN 7 besides falling in stress-hyper-responsive pe riod to impair public presentation in Morris Water Maze in female rats. Furthermore, there are surveies in which emphasis increased LTP initiation. For eg. , invivo experiments by ( Kehoe and Bronzino, 1999 ; Kehoe et Al, 1995 ) studied impact of early neonatal isolation on dentate convolution LTP in grownup freely traveling male and female rats. Rats isolated for 1 hr daily from PND 2-9 from their female parent showed enhanced LTP initiation as compared to non handled rats. The differences observed in the consequences observed in LTP induction/inhibition might be attributed to difference in emphasis protocol used ( maternal separation or categorization harmonizing to creaming preparing behavior ) or experimental protocols used ( stimulation protocol, the clip between emphasis and LTP initiation, whether the experiments are performed on freely traveling rats or encephalon pieces ) and part of the encephalons studied. These factors are good discussed in reappraisal by ( Joels and Krugers, 2007 ) . These differences in the effects of early life emphasis on LTP initiation and suppression warrants its usage straight correlating with memory map. Most of the surveies have focused induction/inhibition of synaptic connexions in dentate convolution or CA1 country of hippocampus with regard to stimulation of perforant way or schaffer indirect severally. Survey from ( Blaise et al, 2008 ) has shown an addition synaptic connexions between hippocampal dentate convolution and baslolateral amygdale on neonatal isolation of rat whelps from their female parent every bit good as their siblings 1 hr daily from postpartum twenty-four hours 2-9. Basolateral amygdale mediates emotional and fear responses to emphasize every bit good as effects formation of hippocampal dependent memory formation. Increased LTP between these parts could hold of import deductions for emphasis induced emotional memory. This survey could besides explicate an increased synaptic irritability in rats exposed to early life emphasis during pathological conditions like epilepsy ( Salzberg et al, 2007 ) . Early life emphasis protocols like maternal separation lead to inc reased rate of patterned advance of inflaming stimulations to make phase V of ictuss harmonizing to categorization described by ( Racine et al, 1972 ) . Similarities in the tracts of inflaming and long term potentiation are discussed in reappraisal by ( McEachern and Shaw, 1996 ) . Anterior initiation of LTP in the tract from enterorhinal cerebral mantle and dentate convolution decreased subsequent figure of stimulations needed to make to the full kindled province ( Sutula and Steward, 1987 ) . The antonym was besides true as there was an addition in the initiation of LTP after a individual tinder stimulation that evoked after discharge but had minimum behavioral ictuss ( Sutula and Steward, 1986 ) . These facts are besides supported by studies of low frequence stimulations similar to those which induce long term depression in deep encephalon parts instantly after inflaming stimulations, delayed the epileptogenesis procedure in almond-shaped tinder ictuss ( Velisek et al, 2002 ; Wan g et Al, 2008 ; Wu et Al, 2008 ) . Interestingly, low frequence stimulations given one time day-to-day for a hebdomad ( without concurrent inflaming stimulations ) , in to the full kindled rats inhibited ictus development when stimulations were commenced ( Weiss et Al, 1995 ) . ( Pavlides et al, 2002 ) showed that choronic emphasis during maturity leads to suppression in the development of LTP in both CA1 and dentate granule cells, which is consistent with the studies of consequence of early life emphasis. But high frequence stimulations which were used for development of LTP evoked epileptic discharges in 56 % of acutely stressed rats, 29 % of inveterate stressed rats while 9 % merely in non stressed rats. This is contrary to the outlook that LTP and inflaming ictuss advancement in same way. Furthermore, early life emphasis leads to suppression of LTP and cognitive maps while it leads to increased rate of epileptogenesis procedure ( Salzberg et al, 2007 ) . Besides, despite many re ported similarities in molecular tracts between LTP and inflaming procedure, differences in the molecular tracts have besides been reported ( Heida et al, 2009 ) . Protein kinase M zeta which is of import for the development of LTP and memory formation has non been implicated in patterned advance of limbic ictuss during inflaming. In fact, there is a direct survey describing basolateral amygdale inflaming stamp downing development of LTP in hippocampal CA1 and sidelong amygdale between schaffer collaterals and sensory nerves running with in sidelong amygdale severally, 48 hours after last kindling stimulation ( Schubert et Al, 2005 ) . Therefore, whether LTP induction/inhibition by early life emphasis straight relate increased exposure to limbic epileptogenensis by ELS is still non clear. Further surveies straight correlating early life emphasis with LTP initiation in tracts of inflaming patterned advance would be required.

How to Fill Out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart

How to Fill Out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart The two most basic forms used by genealogists to record ancestral information are the pedigree chart and the family group sheet. They help you keep track of what you find on your family in a standard, easy-to-read format - recognized by genealogists around the world. Even if you use your computer to enter information, almost all genealogy software programs will print out or display the information in these standard formats. Pedigree Chart The chart most people begin with is a pedigree chart. This chart begins with you and branches back in time, displaying the line of your direct ancestors. Most pedigree charts cover four generations, including space to include names plus dates and places of birth, marriage, and death for each individual. Larger pedigree charts, sometimes referred to as ancestral charts, are also available with room for more generations, but these are used less often as they generally are larger than the standard 8 1/2 x 11 format. The standard pedigree chart always begins with you, or the individual whose ancestry you are tracing, on the first line - number 1 on the chart. Information on your father (or ancestor #1s father) is entered as number 2 on the chart, while your mother is number 3. The male line follows the upper track, while the female line follows the bottom track. As in an ahnentafel chart, men are assigned even numbers, and the numbers for women are odd. After youve traced your family tree back more than 4 generations, you will need to create additional pedigree charts for each of the individuals included in the fourth generation on your first chart. Each individual will become ancestor #1 on a new chart, with a reference to their number on the original chart so you can easily follow the family through the generations. Each new chart you create will also be given its own individual number (chart #2, chart #3, etc.). For example, your fathers fathers father will be ancestor #8 on the original chart. As you follow his particular family line further back in history, you will need to create a new chart (chart #2), listing him in the #1 position. To make it easy to follow the family from chart to chart you record the numbers of the continuation charts next to each individual in the fourth generation on your original chart. On each new chart you will also include a note referring back to the original chart (Person #1 on this chart is the same as Person #___ on Chart #___). Family Group Sheet The other commonly used form encountered in genealogy is the  family group sheet. Focusing on the family unit, rather than ancestors, the family group sheet includes space for a couple and their children, along with fields to record birth, death, marriage and  burial places  for each. Many family group sheets also include a line to record the name of each childs spouse, as well as a section for comments and source citations. Family Group sheets are an important genealogy tool because they allow room to include information on the children of your ancestors, along with their spouses. These collateral lines often prove important when tracing your  family tree, providing another source of information on your ancestors. When you have difficulty locating a birth record for your own ancestor, for example, you may be able to learn the names of his parents through the birth record of his brother. Family group sheets and pedigree charts work hand in hand. For each marriage included on your Pedigree Chart, you will also complete a Family Group Sheet. The pedigree chart provides an easy at-a-glance look at your family tree, while the family group sheet provides additional details on each generation.

Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, Lax Regulations or something Else Essay

Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, Lax Regulations or something Else - Essay Example Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, Lax Regulations or something Else Over the period of time, financial services industry went through extensive de-regulation with many institutions taking benefits of such lax regulations. Changes in regulations resulted into a shift in orientation and business strategies of the financial institutions. The focus clearly shifted towards managing short term performance rather than ensuring long term survival of the organization.( Allen & Snyder, 2009) Regulations alone however, cannot be termed as the reason for the financial crisis as there were multiple factors at play. Though lax regulations played their part but the changes in business strategies, changes in accounting standards, loose monitoring from the supervisory authorities, efficient market hypothesis as well as other factors were can be evaluated for their possible impact on the crisis. In this part of the paper, it will be argued that lax regulations were not the only reason for the financial crisis which emerged during 2007-2008. Financial crisis of 2007-2008 is considered as one of the worst economic and financial crisis since great depression of 1930s. The sheer size and intensity of the crisis has made it global because not only the developed countries were affected by the crisis but also the other developing countries were subject to crisis also. Besides creating the threat of the complete collapse of the leading financial institutions of the world, it also resulted into governments intervening by bailing out the financial institutions as well as other organizations.... The after effects of the financial crisis forced many developed countries to actually enter into strict austerity measures to deal with the growing public debt and fiscal deficit issues.( Aalbers, 2009) How Crisis Started The overall immediate cause of the financial crisis was the bursting of housing bubble in US wherein subprime mortgage holders started to default on their repayments. Over the period of time, US financial institutions started to lend to those borrowers who were technically not eligible to obtain the loans owing to their bad credit history and other factors. However, such borrowers also offered opportunity to earn higher returns as financial institutions attempted to profit from higher risks. Due to inflows from Russian as well as Asian financial crisis, financial institutions were left with excessive liquidity to offload in developed capital markets of US and UK. In order to utilize excess funds and banking on the lax regulations, financial institutions in US starte d to lend to borrowers with adverse credit history. This was accompanied by the boom in the construction sector of the economy also and financial institutions along with construction companies attempted to benefit from this. Housing bubble however, started to burst simultaneously at other developed markets also. Not only US suffered from the same but countries like UK also witnessed the cooling off of housing market and increasing rates of defaults on housing portfolio. Further, the crashing of the bubble created a contagion effect on other sectors of the economy also. As a result of this crisis and resulting tightening of credit by the financial institutions, other related industries such as automobiles